The Origin Of Money And Banking Essay Example for Free

The Origin Of Money And Banking EssayOrigin of Money.Origin of BankingMoney did non develop spontaneously at the very(prenominal) time across the world. It has evolved and developed gradually over the past 5,000 years till it develops into the various forms in which we now know it today. It has assumed different unacquainted with(predicate) shapes, structures, recognized in certain objects in whatever communities where it had been apply as a medium of exchange before transforming into the present universally acceptable coins, curse notes, and now the cashless society where credits can be accessed with mere presentation of plastic cards, or use of telephone to obtain money from a bank. thusly the origin of money and banking had come a long way, and this is exactly what this paper is out to explore.According t, Gly Davies, (2002),Money originated very largely from non-economic causes from tribute as comfortably as from trade, from blood-money and bride-money as well as from barter, from ceremonial and religious rites as well as from commerce, from ostentatious ornamentation as well as from playing as the common drudge between economic men. 1The barter system is the system that has sustained mankind before the evolution of money. But this was dish antennaarded because of its complexities and inconveniences. So the use of money developed out of deeply rooted needs for a more convinient medium of exchange and to some extent customs the hardness of barter provided an economic impulse but that was not the primary factor.The evolution of money had seen it taken different nature, various forms of tools and objects. For example, various precious metals had been accepted and used as money in primitive communities, Also, cowrie shells obtained in some island in the Indian Ocean. In the words of Davies (2002) quoted above, . So important a power did the cowrie play as money in ancient China that its pictograph was adopted in their written language for money. 2 Even in most communities in West Africa used this medium of currency until the recent times. In Nigeria, the cowrie was in use till even the recent decades.Also in China, disc shaped stones were used, and this is known as yap. In variuos other communities in objects like sheep, goat, cattle, manillas, and whale teeth were once used as money. China and some European countries had also produced metal coins in some other forms of objects like spade, hoe, and knives, and they had long been accepted as currencies in their communities.Most archeologies suggested that coins and metal money evolved at the remnant of the second millenium. The same time that the European coins evolved too. The ancient Greeks used iron nails as coins. Even Julius Ceasar had to taunt the primitive Britons as backward for using stain blades as coins.The invention and modernization of money makes trading and commerce easier. With money, all prices can be expressed in the same way, in terms of how more than m oney is needed to buy the product. The unit of money becomes the measuring stick of value, or what economists call the standard of value. With money, making choices, becomes easier.ORIGIN OF BANKING.According to the account of gum benzoin Bromberg, (1942), he traced the origin of banking to ancient Babylon, in the city of Mesopotamia, where the royal palaces and temples provided safety and security for keeping grains and other commodities. Receipts were issued for all such goods deposited. Even toffee-nosed houses got involved in such banking operations that laws regulating their activities was included in code of Hammurabi.3Also, in Egypt, the centralization of state warehouses also led to a ststem of banking. In the view of morris Jatrow (1911), It is believed that the temple is the first bank in the whole world. It has noble existence for about four thousand years. However, its exact financial record did not date beyound the reign of Sabuis (1884-1831)4 The kept record of payme nt of tithes, and every revenue from other cities.1 Davies, Gly . History of Money. From the Ancient Times to the Present Day. Cardif University of Wales Press. 2002. Pp. 36.2 Ibid. Pp 36.3Benjamin Bromberg, The Origin of Banking ghostlike Finance in Babylonia. The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 2, No. 1 (May, 1942), pp. 774 Jastrow Morris, Aspects of Religious Believe and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria. New York Princeton Publishers. 1911. Pp 277.

The Move from Doubt to Certainty Essay Example for Free

The Move from Doubt to Certainty EssayDescartes is inte correspondenceed in the certainty of his existence and the existence of other people and things. Descartes beliefs vary from those of Socrates. Descartes argues that familiarity is acquired through with(predicate) awargonness and experience. victimisation this approach, Descartes moves through doubt to certainty of his existence. He asks himself various questions about the certainty of his existence and solves them through exceed thought and logic. Using this method Descartes pretendes doubts to be truths and by the end of the book, he has established that he does indeed exist. In this paper, I will show how Descartes moves through doubt to certainty. I will explain how Descartes uses the cogito, proves the existence of God and what that means to his existence. I will also discuss the general rules of truth that Descartes establishes. In the First surmisal Descartes begins to check what is certain and what is doubtfu l. Descartes wants to establish that his k straightawayledge is certain and non doubtful. He states, I had accepted many false opinions as cosmos true, and that what I had based on much(prenominal) insecure principles could only be most doubtful and uncertain so that I had to undertake seriously once in my life to disengage myself of all opinions I had adopted up to wherefore, and to begin, and to begin afresh from the foundations, if I wished to establish something firm and constant in the sciences. (Descartes 95) By this Descartes means that he wishes to establish a foundation for his knowledge based on certainty instead of doubt. Descartes first looks at the senses.This is important because the senses are the first thing to cause doubt. He focuses on the perception of things. He says that things far from him, in the distance, give him reason to doubt their certainty, while things that are close to him are indubitable and he is scant(p) about their certainty. However, Desca rtes realizes that dreams pose an obstacle to his beliefs. Even up close, dreams bath be indubitable. Descartes believes that if a mortal has had a dream that was so intense that the person could not determine it solve reality, then they cause reason to doubt objects that are close to us and appear to be indubitable.In order to resolve this problem, Descartes suggests that matchless must examine whether they are dreaming or not. Descartes realizes that he can not rely on his senses anymore to give him dubitable truths. He turns to image something that is indubitable. Descartes tries to use science as a foundation for truth. He discards physics, astronomy, and medicine because all three of them rely upon the senses. we shall not be wrong in last that physics, astronomy, and medicine, and all the other sciences that depend on the consideration of composite things, are most doubtful and uncertain (Descartes 98).However, Descartes finds that such things as geometry and arithmeti c can be trusted because their are no senses involved. They are based upon logic. whether I am awake or asleep, two and three added together always makes five, and a public square always has four sides and it does not seem possible that truths so apparent can be suspected of any falsity or uncertainty(98). However, Descartes finds reason to even off doubt this. The only thing that could makes these truths dubitable is through the intervention by an Evil Deceiver (God). Descartes cannot prove that God is good and has to acknowledge that God has the big businessman to deceive.Therefore, Descartes must doubt all things until he can prove their certainty. Descartes acts to call this doubt Universal Doubt. In the Second Meditation, Descartes examine the existence of himself. He concludes that if he cannot prove something exists then how does he know with certainty that he exists. It is his doubt of his existence that Descartes uses to prove his existence. Descartes realizes that if he is able to doubt then he does indeed exists. He take the approach that, I think thusly I am to establish a certainty that he exists.This idea also cognise as the cogito becomes the central point that Descartes will use for the remaining of his meditations. Descartes affirms his existence every succession he thinks, doubts, or is persuaded(Descartes 103). Descartes affirms that if on that point is an Evil Deceiver then Descartes must exist because in order for God to deceive, Descartes he must first exist. Although, Descartes has proved his existence he can only prove it in the mental capacity. He does not know for certain that he exists in the physical form. The only way, at this time, that Descartes can prove the existence of his body is through his senses.He has already established that his senses are dubitable and therefore cannot tell him with certainty that his body exists. In order to get a better savvy of his relationship between his body and object, Descartes melts a piece of wax. He observes the wax in two different states, the first in a solid form and the minute in a melted form. He questions how his senses can show him two entirely different forms of the same substance yet he knows that the substance, in both states, although completely different, is wax. The mind was able to understand the message of the wax.Although the senses were not entirely capable of making the connection between the two forms of wax, the senses assisted the mind in determining what the substance was. This experiment proves to be important to Descartes because he is able to make a link between the senses and the mind. Using his experiment, Descartes enters his Third Meditation using his general rule of truth that all things we conceive very clearly and distinctly are true(Descartes 113). However, there is one flaw to his thoughts. If God is an evil-minded deceiver than this cannot be true. Descartes proceeds to establish that God is good and does not deceive.Desc artes uses three points to establish the existence God. These points are ideas. The first one is adventitious ideas those ideas that come from outside experiences. The second is invented ideas those that are gatherd from the imagination such as sirens and chimera. The final is innate ideas those that are within one when they are born. Descartes uses two more points to hike up establish that God exists. He uses the ideas of infinite and perfect. These two ideas, Descartes cannot account for. The only way for such things to come about would be from an infinite and perfect being such as God.These ideas have a direct relationship with God. In order for a finite beings such as Descartes to have a fancy of infinite it must have been planted there by an infinite being such as God. Descartes concludes this idea to be true because one cannot derive the idea of infinite by negating the finite(Descartes 125). An example of this would be the use of a number line. The number line will never b e able to expatiate infinity. One could negate every number on a number line and still not arrive at infinity. Therefore, Descartes concludes that God does exist and therefore is not an evil deceiver.Because God has supplied us with the innate ideas of perfection and infinity, God, therefore, must be infinite and perfect. Descartes states that, Whence it is clear enough that he cannot be a deceiver, for the natural light teaches us that deceit stems necessarily from some defect(Descartes 131). Since God is perfect he is not an evil deceiver. It is important to realize that by the time Descartes has reached his Fourth Meditation he has proved three important things. The first is that doubt is not frequent. The second is that there is a general rule of truth. The troika is that God exists and cannot be an evil deceiver.However, Descartes raises a question If God exists and cannot be an evil deceiver then why are humans imperfect and eternally making errors? Descartes explains this through the explanation of free will. Descartes states that God has precondition all humans free will. This is the cause of human error. Because we have free will, humans are able to make choices and decisions free from the influence of God. Sometimes free will interferes with Gods ability to help humans and therefore humans sometimes make scummy decisions. If God did not give humans free will than God would play a direct role in every decision make by humans.It is because God gives humans free will that allows for human error. Descartes Fifth and Sixth Meditations begins with the establishment of his remaining doubts and the application of what he has discovered. The first question grips with the essence of color, mathematical, and geometrical truths. The second is the existence of people and things. The third is determining the difference between dreams and reality. Descartes reiterates that God is not an evil deceiver and therefore he can clearly conceive something to be true . He reiterates that if he conceives God correctly then God is perfect.Imperfection is not compatible with Gods omnipotence. A non-existent thing cannot be perfect. Even a non-existent perfect thing is imperfect and all perfect things are perfect. Descartes also restates that a perfect thing cannot deceive. With this knowledge, Descartes proceeds to solve his second problem. The existence of corporeal(physical things) exist with certainty. Since God is not an evil deceiver, the idea of physical things is accurate. Although some perceptions will still be blurry and may confuse Descartes objects do indeed exist. He concludes that he just has to be more judgmental of those perceptions.But as concerns other things, which are either only particular, as,, for example, that the sun is of such a size and shape, etc. , or are perceived less clearly and distinctly, as in the case of light, sound and pain and so on, although they are very doubtful and uncertain, nevertheless, from the fact alo ne that God is not a deceiver, and has consequently permitted no falsity in my opinions (Descartes 158) Descartes now knows for certain that he has a body. Descartes realizes that, I have a body, which is ill disposed when I feel pain, which needs to eat and drink when I have feelings of hunger or thirst etc.(Descartes 159). Because of these feeling that Descartes has and because God is not an evil deceiver than Descartes is indeed lodged in a body and is an entire entity with it. Descartes finally analyzes his third doubt. He now has the ability to distinguish between being awake and dreaming. When we are awake, Descartes states, are mind flows in an uninterrupted, continuous sequence. When we are dreaming, our mind does not flow in a consistent, and undisturbed sequence. When a person has a break in the consistency of events, they are dreaming. when I perceive things which I clearly know both the place they come from and that in which they are, and the time at which they appear to me, and when, without any interruption, I can link the perception I have of them with the whole of the rest of my life, I am fully assured that it is not in sleep that I am perceiving them but while I am awake(Descartes 168) After establishing certainty to his doubts, Descartes states, And I must reject all the doubts of the last few days as hyperbolic and ridiculous, particularly the general uncertainty about sleep, which I could not distinguish for a wakeful state(Descartes 168). With that Descartes concludes his meditations and uncertainties. Although Descartes makes a sound argument there were some people that disagreed with his theories. One of those people was John Locke. The beliefs of Locke, who was an empiricists, were similar to those of the casuist during the time of Socrates. He argued that when a person was born their mind was empty. A person obtained knowledge through experiences. He also felt that if a person misinterpreted an experience it could lead to doubt or s kepticism.Locke tries to prove Descartes wrong by saying that there are no innate ideas. He states that by pinch our own mind we can deter doubt. Locke proposes three separate possibilities about truth. The first is that there is no such thing as truth. The second is that there is no way to obtain truth. The third reason is that we can understand implied things but not be absolutely certain about them. Locke believed that we never deal with certainty and everyday we deal with possibility. and it will be unpardonable, as well as childish peevishness, if we undervalue the advantage of our knowledge and neglect to improve it to ends for which it has given us, because there are some things that are come down out of the reach of it. (Locke 57). Locke states that not all innate ideas come from natural ability. He says that a universal consent does not prove innate ideas. They could arise from experience. Locke supports this theory by saying that innate ideas are neither in children nor idiots. If these ideas were innate then everyone would have them.He further states that mathematical truths are learned from experience and are not innate ideas. Descartes and Locke were two men with completely different views. They each set out to prove their own existence in a different fashion. Although they do not agree with each other, each one of them presents a clear and intelligent argument. It is these arguments that have encouraged the human race to consider the possibility of existence long after the death of Descartes and Locke. People will continue to struggle their viewpoints for years to come and maybe, one day we will know the meaning of existence.

How Globalization Affects Culture Media Essay

How Globalization Affects Culture Media EssayCulture is imperceptible influence for the public and it clear spread by any way. After the World Wars, the globalization make the developed country and developing country a platform that can share their husbandry with otherwise country. Couple with globalization, local culture deal linguistic communication, diet, scene, fete and health, it cannot only spread around the universe which let culture fix compound and complicated, but withal the different cultures fuse with each other, it makes roughly cultures lose their newness and distinctiveness.BodyGlobalization affects the languageGlobalization strengthens the communication between the world concourse, it leads to the language dissemination that not limited to use own language. For China, after the war broken down the increasingly isolationist of foreign policy of the Ming Dynasty. Chinese was compelled to learn the different language from intruder. For example, Shanghai St ar (2002) mention that, The first school teaching foreign languages in Shanghai was Guang Fangyan guan, established in 1863. And in 1872, 30 raft from Shanghai to the United States began to study abroad. In a short time, they oercame the language barrier and even became some of the best students in their schools. Its a important step to achieve globalization at the history of China. At the moment, neighboring countries of China has influence by Chinese. Nipponese language and Chinese language adjudge deep relationship. Kibi no makibi, an overseas student study at Tang Dynasty, utilization of the Chinese characters component created lacquerese katakana phonetic text. Later, Kukai (dharma), one of overseas students, using Chinese characters Xingshu body creating Japanese kana script hiragana. So, as everyone saw, Japanese include many Chinese character component.Globalization make the language heterogeneous and complicated, however, some smaller language was disappear cause glo balization. According to Colls (n.d), In 1992 a prominent US linguist stunned the academic world by predicting that by the year 2100, 90% of the worlds languages would have ceased to exist. With the developed of globalization, people can communicate with the different people around the world. That makes the large language developed, like English, Chinese, cut and so on.In some countries, the second language even more used than first language. Alaska Native Language Center (n.d) found, Alaska is home to at to the lowest degree 20 Native languages belonging to four distinct language families. Futhermore, Ostler (2000) mentions, Out of twenty native Alaskan languages, only two are fluid being learned by children. Of these twenty languages, one disappeared because in 2008, the last person that spoke this language died. These languages, Eskimo-Aleut and Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit, are big parts of Alaskan culture. In the American language environment, people use English to talk with oth er people. It led to the disappearance of 20 native languages quickly at Alaska. Ostler (2000) adds that, some linguists predict that at least half of the worlds 6,000 or so languages will be dead or dying by the year 2050. Languages are suitable extinct at twice the rate of endangered mammals and four times the rate of endangered birds. If this trend continues, the world of the future could be dominated by a dozen or fewer languages. conclutionGlobalization affects the dietAs everyone knows, different foods origin are differents, they were spread to all over the world because globalization. Japanese is a sea island, and its make the seafood, such like fish, shrimp, shellfish that contains nutritions is good for peoples health, is necessary material for their diet. And they keep the nutritional value of seafood by eaten hot or cold , raw or cooked seafood. The unique food is Sushi at Japan. According to Alex Renton (2006), Sushis migration and the process of its globalization star ted in the large expat Japanese communities all round the Pacific rim in westward and southern America, Australia and Brazil. Now, the Japanese sushi restaurant located around the world. And sometimes, people always saw some simple sushi shop on the street side that more people queue up to buy it. So that the world people can eat delicious and nutritive seafood by globalization. But, ten years ago, sushi is costly for the world people without Japanese. And there just were two or three Japanese restaurants located.As everyone knows, currys origin is India. But now, curries of Thailand, curries of Japan and curries of China is also famous at the world. In especially, Thailand curry is popular that as Thailands unique food in the world. The Thailand local climate is tropical and characterized by monsoons, it makes the Thai food live on sour, sweet, salty, and bitter. In Thailand food, the about famous is the Thai curry. Its different with India curry. In Indian cooking, ghee a mil ky clarified butter is a key constituent of their spicy curries. An overview and brief history of Thai food (n.d) adds that, While the Thai people didnt have as much price of admission to or knowledge of dairy products, they successfully substituted coconut milk for this creamy ingredient in their own dishes. So, it become popular around the world. And by globalization make more and more Thai restaurant was set up at many countries.French diet represents polite, rigorous and romantic diet around the world. As everyone knows, French dining atmosphere that have dim lights, candles, soft music, a set table and a nice bottle of wine is the most suitable for lovers. Its not only guide the romantic trend around the world, but also guide a lifestyle. Life elegant, approve every minute. To enjoy life of French, becoming the mainstream of the world.And on the other hand, the globalization makes the diet culture spread around the world, but the unhealthy diet also was spread with globaliza tion. In especially, French diet be changed by globalization. According to the Michael, Stefan and Dana (2003) that, The taste for American fast-food products like McDonalds hamburgers and Coca-Cola has long been in vogue(predicate). Urbanization is leading to more sedentary lifestyles in French. And more and more, even traditional foods are being prepared from processed flour and other ingredients that yield more calories and less healthy roughage. concludeGlobalization affects the festivalEach country have own traditional festival. For example, Chinese New Year is the most important festival for Chinese people all over the world. The Spring fete shows traditional culture festival. The Spring Festival is review and incentives on the peace, friendship and kinship, and is blessings and prayers for future life. And Christmas is the most important religion festival for the western people. And people exchange gifts, send Christmas cards, which are to make Christmas as a celebration tim e for people. Globalization make these featival spread around the world. World people can enjoy different featival culture. But, with the development of globalization, foreign culture has received more attention than the local culture.In recent years, more and more Chinese schoolgirlish people that make Christmas has become popular increasingly, they was pay close attention more for Christmas than Chinese own festival. It makes Dragon Boat Festival and other Chinese traditional festivals are classified as other countrys heritage. When Christmas coming, Chinese streets will be full of Christmas atmosphere. Roadside trees was decorative by colorful lightness many businesses will sell Christmas items during Christmas day, like Christmas tree, santa hat. Most of young people will take party or singing song to celebration. On the contrary, young people will stay at home or play with friends like normal day at Spring Festival.quote The young people has not strong sence for the tradition al featival, and they are more likely to be novel featival to attract. The traditional festival has traditional rules that making young peopel feel bound. The Weatern Festival was spread to make them take more attention to festival that can release them emotions, such as Valentines day, Mothers Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas day. Anxiously, along with the globalization development, some traditional festivals will be forgotten, and replaced by foreign festival.Globalization affects the movieTalking about movie, American film or Hollywood film is good example of the movie. Sometimes, Hollywood film leads to the world film. Action movie that have one or more heroes is thrust into a series of challenges that require physical feats, all-inclusive fights and frenetic chases is the most famous film types in the Hollywood. It attract to many people cause real behavior, great scene. In Inna Ignatovich (n.d.) opinion, Because of the economic domination of the U.S.A. in the world and se rious political and economical problems in my country, the movie theaters in our cities are filled with Hollywood action movies. The low financing available to our movie directors doesnt give them the possibility of creating high quality art, so the movie theaters are swamped with low cost American films-violent action films. This type of dominance creates a controvert effect on the young generation and can increase crime. In this situation, we see not just the spread of culture to another country, but also the spread of the problems of that culture. Action movie set up the peoples heroes, at the same time it also praised the violence.Globalization affects the healthTopic Kelley (2004) adds that for high-income countries, the debate surrounding globalisation and health tends to focus on the perceived threat, from low- and middle-income countries, of acquiring certain neat and epidemic infections, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, plague and, more recently, severe acute respiratory s yndrome (SARS). 6 Richer countries also fear the potential financial burden of unhealthy populations migrating from the developing world. Globalization is making the world people can go to the different countries to developed. Most people would like to stay at city or country that have more opportunity to work or have a higher salary. This phenomenon increase the country or city economy. At the same time, its also brings certain pressure for the environment of this area, and makes the environment has harm on peoples health.And then, Kelley (2004) mentions that, Cognitive changes brought about by advertising and marketing Western consumer goods have facilitated the global spread of so-called lifestyle diseases (eg, obesity) in certain populations within low- and middle-income countries. In especially, Frances growing fat problem cause fast food style. Fast food is features of American diet. Globalization make more and more fast-food brand spread around the world, such as McDonalds ha mburgers and Coca-Cola. Fast food guide to fast lifestyle replace the French original strict diet culture. Sedentary lifestyles has been fashionable at urban. And then, people take many unhealthy food and do less sports than before, the fat problems has become more and more serious than before. According to the Michael, Stefan and Dana (2003) conventional foods are being prepared from processed flour and other ingredients that yield more calories and less healthy roughage. concludeConclusionDeveloping with globalization, different culture can spread around the world. Culture combine with local culture become a new culture, but it makes some small culture like language was disappeared. Following this further, how to reduce to loss of culture is big problem for the worlds people.

The Democratic Peace Theory Politics Essay

The parliamentary Peace theory Politics EssayWar, conflict, warmongering, and part balance are just a few constructs involved within a nations history. Along with many other concepts, War understood as an intentional armed conflict between communities in club to achieve semi policy-making goals, has supported the public policy of many nations. In 1832 the Prussian phalanx strategist Carl von Clausewitz (1832, p.5) defined War as an act of strength to compel our opponent to fulfill our leave alone, demonstrating how fundamental War was for nations that time. Although there are many arguments to support the nations warmongering policies during the past decades there has been a discussion on how those policies might be necessary if some theorists have proven that Democracies dont fight Democracies (Rummel, 1999).This experiment will examine the existing arguments on why democracies do non fight apiece other using The Democratic Peace theory and will give conclusions on how e ffective could be this possible action during the present days, where the concept of War has changed.The Democratic Peace Theory Ultimately, the best strategy to ensure our security and to build a durable peace is to support the advance of nation elsewhere. Democracies dont attack each other, they make better trading partners and partners in diplomacy.William J. Clinton (January 1994)The Democratic Peace Theory also called Mutual Democratic Pacifism gives a attainable explanation on why democracies do not to war with each other. Among others writers, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant outlined a first relevant idea in his essay Perpetual Peace (1795). Kants theory is based on a world with countries sharing a common a constitutional republic as governmental regime, where people would appeal for a continuous or perpetual peace as an ideal for living. The premise of Kants idea is that people will not define to go on war unless to defend themselves and because of this there would be no aggressor nations and the war occurrences would end. For Kant, the reluctance of the people to support war and its related cost restrains popular leaders from engaging conflicts with other nations.After Kant, this strain of thought, where democracies are reluctant to use violent means against other democracies or other forms of governments, was move across the centuries. The Kantian Idea of a pacific union fostered by roled or common values, cosmopolitan rights and the right of nations based on a federation of free states, had a support after the First World War, when idea of the right of nations to self-determination inspired the creation of the League of Nations. Important academics the like Small and Singer (1976), Rummel (1979), Doyle (1986), Bueno de Mezquita and Lalman (1986), Geva, DeRouren and Mintz (1993), Rummel (1997), Starr (1997) and Danilovic and Clare (2007) have contri thoed with their work to support this theory.Due to the multiple catchings of the basic elements of the Democratic Peace Theory is classical to define the concepts of res publica and war. Rummel (1999, p.10) provides an fire definition of democracy as democracies in its 20th century form means regular elections for the most powerful government positions, competitive political parties, unaired universal franchise, secret balloting and civil liberties and political rights, in addition pre-20th democracies should be identified by periodic, competitive elections, that the powerful can be so kicked out of power, and that a body of citizens hold equal rights regardless of class or status. However, Rummel does not take in account the transparency as an important element for a democracy. Transparency, understood as the open possibility of observation and discussion of a Government decisions and policies is a requisite for a modern democracy and reduces the possibilities of the governments to abuse.Regarding to The concept of War, Most and Starr (1989) as cited in Starr (19 97, p.154) defines war as a sustained violent conflict fought by organized armed pushs which are say by a governmental authority. Although this definition is comprehensive it is necessary to be actualized due to the changing components of modern war. Forsyth (2004, p.17) define war as an act of fierceness by a nation-state, crime organization, terror group, drug cartel, revolutionary group, or coalition of states to compel an enemy to do ones will, accept a specific ideology, or prevent or allow unfettered criminal activity. The causes of war might include failures of diplomacy, communications, economic policies, or inadequate internal security. Wars should result in ameliorate security for an affected nations citizens, but often result in degraded or deteriorated social conditions.Although the Democratic Peace Theory is quite controversial and has both weakness and strengths, its relative simplicity has challenged the predominant realist and neorealist theories of International Relations (IR) that have predominated in the international arena for several centuries. During the past decades, research undertaken in atomic number 20 (Bueno de Mesquita and Lalman, 1986), Texas (Geva, DeRouren and Mintz, 1993), (Geva and Mintz, 1993), Hawaii (Rummel, 1997) and Illinois (Danilovic and Clare, 2007) confirmed in some extent the veracity of the Democratic Peace Theory. These studies showed that statistically the probability of a war between two democratic states is very low and that the democratic leaders are less interested in using military force or violent actions against other democracies.The theory by itself and the results of these studies are deeply debated, but it is possible to derive some basic conclusions. First, the republican liberalism, as a theory of International Relations (IR) that supports the Democratic Peace Theory, might question the applicability of the realist theory of IR, which argues that the balance of power and common strategic goals are the main point of explanation for the stable and pacifist(prenominal) relations between democratic nations. The presented researches and arguments suggest that democratic sates are continuously motivated by the necessity of a peaceable coexistence with its neighbors using the same regulations that qualify their domestic policy. These nations expect that other democracies will solve misunderstandings using consideration and a nonviolent scheme, and that their leaders will continuously foster collaborative and peaceful relations with each other. A good example of this reasoning is the speech of United States President, Gorge W. Bush, who in 1994 said And the reason why Im so tight on democracy is democracies dont go to war with each other. And the reason why the people of most societies is dont like war, and they understand what war means.Second, the Democratic Peace Theory might challenge the usefulness of other political ideas, different from democracy, in todays world. This th esis is supported by Rummel (1989, p.10) when states that Democracy is a general cure for political or collective vehemence of any kind it is a method of nonviolence. Since a significant number of academic works report democracies as political system less susceptible to create and promote violent means of foreign policy, with a relatively unrestricted amount of civil rights and participation, it is possible to identify democracy as a more desirable political system when compared with totalitarian, fascist or communist regimes.Finally, political process such as transparency, cooperation, democratisation, and desegregation could improve the relations among nations. Starr (1997, p.155) highlights the importance of these elements when suggest that the theories of integration stress the role of learning in the development of norms of cooperation and a sense of community, they stress the need for unwashed benefits and the positive impact of the interdependence on the management of i nterdependent relations. However, it is important to point out the fact that unstable democracies or nations within a democratization process are not completely peaceful, and that might occur when the political institutions are not strong enough to support the system or when the bucolic leading sectors are intimidated by the transition process.Two classic and different streams of thought, one structural and one normative, explain the Democratic Peace Theory. On the one hand, the structural variant maintain that the organizations or institutions are restricted to go on war due to the diverse economical, social and political cost for the government and the population, making war an undesirable option for the resolution of misunderstandings between nations. In addition, the importance of individual freedoms and free elections, maximize the leaders political responsibilities inasmuch as they might replaced if fail to maintain an adequate foreign policy. This view has been supported in the work of Geva, DeRouren and Mintz (1993, p.224) when concluding the major reason why the use of force against other democracies is counterproductive from a political standpoint is because it is perceived by the public as a failure of foreign policy. Democratic institutions such as transparency, political pluralism, and legal rights, among others, make it difficult for governments and its leaders to create false reasons to convince their population to declare war to other state. Transparency is an important compute when thinking about democratic dyads because it means that both states can look trough each other and know, or infer, their intentions. Starr (1997, p.157) states, such transparency means that each party has too much information about the other to create convincing enemy images, for either elite or masses.On the other hand, a normative variant, sometimes called cultural explanation, maintains that common liberal and democratic values explain the stability and peaceful relations between democratic states. According to this variant, the extant culture regarding to democratic political values and conflict resolution means, support truthful ties between states and its leaders. In addition, these leaders expect that their counterparts will also understand the necessity of solving the differences without violent methods. In this extent is very important to emphasize how the democratic perception of a certain state made by other, could modify the motivation for warmongering policies. Supporting this, Elman (1997) argues that political ideology, therefore, determines how democracies distinguish allies from adversaries democracies that represent and act in their citizens interests are treated with respect and consideration, whereas non-democracies that use violence and oppression against their own people are regarded with mistrust and suspicion.Another explanation in addition to the structural and normative explanation of the Democratic Peace Theory is t he Power Transition Theory formulated in 1958 by A.F.K. Organski. This theory presents the international politics arena as a hierarchy with 4 levels of power between the states (a dominant state, neat powers, middle powers and small powers), analyzing the cyclic occurrence of wars and the effect of transition power in the occurrence of conflicts. Organski (1980, p.19) states that An even distribution of political, economic, and military capabilities between contending groups of nations is likely to increase the probability of war peace is preserved best when there is an imbalance of national capabilities between disadvantaged and advantaged nations the aggressor will come from a small group of dissatisfied strong countries and it is the weaker, rather than the stronger power that is most likely to be the aggressor. This work suggests, therefore, that democracies are satisfied states that share strong economic goals and are less likely to fight about territory, in other words, peace ful means of discussion will prevail but not violent ones.Even though the Democratic Peace Theory provides a plausible explanation for the non-violent behavior between democratic states, a great amount of criticism exist among the academy. This criticism could be divided in two variants, first, one related to the methodology used to undertake the researches and analyze the semiempirical data. Several academics argue that there is always some degree of subjectivity regarding to the studies performed and the results are, in some extent, affected by this prejudices.

Analysis of Models for Emotional Health

Analysis of Models for Emotional HealthAnalyze Emotional HealthThe Biomedical ride is an non corporal model of illness that eliminates psychological and social factors and consists of only biologic factors in an effort to comprehend a somebodys medical disorder or illness. According to Ragin (2011), this model points out that health is the nonexistence of disease and therefore a person in good health will be free of any unnatural biological changes in the body system. This model also suggests that when a disease takes place, finding and eliminating the illness will re-establish a person to good health.Complementary and substitute(a) medicine is a specific term utilized to symbolize a group of non-homogeneous medical modalities, practices, products and healthcare system, which are not normally believed to be part of conventional medicine (NCCAM, 2012). Nevertheless, a number of these medical modalities have grow to be increasingly incorporated to conventional healthcare instituti ons the biomedical avocation preserves a clear place of domination at bottom healthcare institutions and these modalities are consequently frequently complementary to a certain extent than substitute(a) to conventional practice. According to Keshet et al. (n.d), most of the seek literature on the relationship between Complementary treat and biomedicine is controversial and dispute that the addition of Complementary Medicine to the mainstream health system eventually preserves biomedical domination within it.Keshet et al. (n.d) instal in their study that integration of Complementary Medicine results in various attitudes and interpretations concerning the nature of integration, how it is and must be practiced as well as what it means. Most of the interviewed health practitioners and some of the patients understood that Complementary Medicine treatments helped to deal with the turned on(p) and psychological motives of patients, which would if not be met. Complementary Medicine practice, as this study illustrates, seeks to influence concurrently mind and body. It is consistently made clear as connecting some sort of imperative power, be this energy or spirit.The Biopsychosocial model is an approach stating that biological, psychological, and social factors, all take part in an important affaire in human performance in the perspective of diseaseor illness. Without a doubt, health is best assumed in conditions of a mixture of biological, psychological, and social factors rather than moreover in biological stipulations.This is in disparity to the previously mentioned biomedical model that proposes every disease or illness process can be exquisite in terms of a funda psychic variation from normal function. Ragin (2011) indicated the biopsychosocial model supports the belief approved by many in health psychology in which well-being is determined by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Therefore the psychological influences on hea lth consist of emotions, social support systems, health behaviors and person-to-person traits (p. 185).According to Taylor et at. (2013), Sickle cell disease is a hereditary blood disorder and for the most part frequent genetic disorder. On the other hand, aspects except biologic factors, such as psychologic and sociologic aspects, are linked with chronic agony in adults with Sickle cell disease. The Biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain is an extensively utilise model of chronic pain projected in response to the pervasiveness of chronic pain and the necessity for a further holistic approach to chronic pain management. The Biopsychosocial model of chronic pain support conceptualizations of the interactive methods involved in health and illness. The largely objective of the Biopsychosocial model of chronic pain is to assist the person to become a vigorous participant in life management skills and to become skilled at new ways of thinking about and act with chronic pain. Spirit uality is a vital aspect in the chronic pain experience of adults with Sickle cell disease that has obtained little or no attention. In studies of adults with Sickle cell disease, those persons with elevated levels of spirituality or even religiosity stated having lesser pain intensity and reported they were able to grapple better with their pain.Ragin (2011) stated that the Wellness Model includes the same factors from the Biopsychosocial model such as psychological, social, and emotional in addition of two new dimensions which are smell of life and spirituality. Some healthcare practitioners think more of as life saving procedures without taking into consideration that the procedure could diminished the persons timberland of life and also affect the individuals spiritual well-being. In regards to spirituality, researchers have being studying the relationship between spirituality and have found that spirituality is important for many individuals to acquire optimal health. Many studies show that spirituality plays a health enhancing task for many people and in many cultures. Reese et al. (2012) make an emphasis on the importance of considering quality of life and spirituality in the individuals treatment and they defined wellness as a way of life leaning toward optimal health and well-being, wherein the body, mind, and spirit are incorporated by the person to live life more fully within his or her community.The social bionomic models were developed to promote the understanding of the active interrelations between assorted personal and environmental factors. The social ecological models include the physical and psychological environmental standpoints as well as the role of health systems and health policy on the person health outcomes. The social environment which includes the familial, interpersonal, and cultural factors that affects the persons emotional stated of well-being. This model also includes health systems and policy, specifically those agencies and regulations that defines the constitution of health care and standardize its services as clear-cut determinants of health outcomes Ragin (2011).According to Golden and Earp (2012), social ecological models that explain the interactive characteristics of persons and environments which trigger health outcomes have been suggested to lead public health practice. The health packaging field is frequently criticized for concentrating on lifestyle modification while disregarding related issues that influence health. Social ecological models differentiate persons as entrenched within bigger social systems and explain the interactive characteristics of persons and environments that lie beneath health outcomes. Ecological models suppose not only that multiple levels of control are designate but also that these levels are interactive and reinforcing. They mentioned that physical activity, nutrition, and smoking preventives and especially spirituality were more likely interventions addr essing topics to take on a social ecological approach that focused transformation at multiple levels beyond the individual target population. Healthcare practitioners may well benefit from applying more extensive intervention configurations intended for these settings and topics.As a mental health practitioner, I have always used the mind, body spirit approach in my practice. I ascertain very comfortable with this approach as I understand that spiritual and psychological perceptive go together when it comes to examine what is affecting our health. Emotions play a vital part in the persons overall health. Although there are no specific ages and groups that this approach might be most or least appropriate for, it seems that Latino adults are more willingly to adopt it. People often forget the significance of spiritual and emotional health consequences on our overall wellness. Wellness needs to consist of physical, mental and spiritual health to make certain the entire body remains we ll. As a testify spiritual counselor, I have used spirituality as an approach to help people with different types of traumas as it provides a sense of purpose and shelter as well as a sense of empowerment.According to Hipolito et al. (2014), spirituality has been thought in a number of ways and the Western view of spirituality emphasized the appreciation of a spiritual realm or higher reality external of the individual. Despite of how it is thought or measured, an increasing body of research has started documenting the protective effects of spirituality, predominantly following experience to violent traumatic actions. The majority studies take in consideration the positive role spirituality plays in the trauma to mental health development including better psychological well-being, life satisfaction, increased self-esteem, and decreased depression.Hipolito et al. (2014) found out that spirituality did not affect mental health or well-being. On the other hand it affected mental heal th or well-being indirectly through its positive effect on the individuals sense of empowerment. This study is important as it is the first to scrutinize the prospective empowering affects of spirituality in the post-trauma period. The findings recommend that a conviction in a higher reality not only empowers the individual but also increases peoples mental health or well-being. The results emphasize the need to offer both traumas informed and spirituality receptive care.

College Admissions Essay - The Search for Truth :: College Admissions Essays

College Admissions Essay - The Search for Truth Whoever said that we were supposed to take everything on credit? Not God, thats for certain. Hes always told us to try it for ourselves, and see if it makes our lives better. Ill never forget the day my high school chemistry teacher had a nervous division because he tried to understand a universe where there was no God, whatsoever. (That is true, to my knowledge, by the way.) Ive always been surprised how much doctrine people dumbfound in science, though. Many of the greatest scientists believed in God, and my speculation as to why, is that those scientists knew just how amazing it was that they could discover an equation to measure gravity, or one that made energy and reckon that same. People, of course, had no idea what they had on their hands and worship it today as if it were God. Those scientists knew very well, after all their work, that any theory they produced was only awaiting its demise. The values that when put to the test, would prove it wrong. And then theyd find their mistake and fix it. People have made something of a religion out of science these days. People treat it as a burden, rather than the enlightenment it is, but they also treat those far advanced in it, as infallible and beyond mortal ken. Not so bad as the inquisition days, believe you me But the Inquisition really only went underground, to explode again as science, this time trying to kill faith instead of logic. Luckily, the new inquisition only condemns people to a life of fear and hate, instead of religious bigotry, or even real religion, like universe nice.

Serendipity and Great Expectations :: Movies Films Love Fate Essays

Serendipity and grand Expectations Directed by Alfonso Cuarn and written by Mitch Glazer, Great Expectations is a movie roughly the love of a man for an unreachable woman, and how fate ultimately brings them together. Serendipity directed by Peter Chelsom, is a much predictable romantic comedy that relies on destiny to bring a couple together, after the many coincidences that linked them to one another. Serendipity and Great Expectations both wave around lifes bully coincidences due to fate, and how their characters indulge in the direction fate leads them. Loosely based on the Charles Dickens classic novel, Great Expectations is a tale of a unripened mans unforgettable passage into manhood, and the three individuals who undeniably changed his life forever. Through the surprising interactions of these vivid characters, Great Expectations takes a comical and contemporary look at lifes groovy coincidences. In a small Florida town on the Gulf Coast, eight-year-old Finn Bell lives with his sister Maggie and his Uncle Joe. They barely scrape by, plainly aspiringartist Finn enjoys his simple life, brief pictures in the colorful Gulf waters. Finns journey to adulthood begins suddenly with the shocking appearance of a dangerous reprobate who forces the boy to aid in his feed from prison. With this experience still freshly etched in his mind, Finn is summoned to the decaying mansion of Ms. Nora Dinsmoor, the richest woman in the gulf, who had lost her mind cardinal years earlier when her fianc left her stand up at the altar. There, Finn meets Dinsmoors niece Estella, who, even at age 11, displays an upper class iciness toward the young, impoverished boy who instantly and hopelessly falls in love with her. Finns meetings with Estella and her crazed, slopped aunt fuel new dreams to paint for the rich, to enjoy their freedom, and to love Estella. Once Ms. Dinsmoor realizes Finn is there for his love for Estella, she warns him that Estella will fall u pon his heart. The crazed womans warnings become Finns harshest reality when Estella curtly leaves without saying goodbye. A hopeless Finn stops painting, stops dreaming ... until a mysterious benefactor sends the now enceinte young man to New York. engage his dreams in the glamorous world of the New York art scene, the once-poor artist seems to finally have it all wealth, status, fame and a reunification with the newly engaged Estella.Serendipity and Great Expectations Movies Films Love Fate EssaysSerendipity and Great Expectations Directed by Alfonso Cuarn and written by Mitch Glazer, Great Expectations is a movie about the love of a man for an unreachable woman, and how fate ultimately brings them together. Serendipity directed by Peter Chelsom, is a more predictable romantic comedy that relies on destiny to bring a couple together, after the many coincidences that linked them to one another. Serendipity and Great Expectations both revolve around lifes great coincidences due to fate, and how their characters indulge in the direction fate leads them. Loosely based on the Charles Dickens classic novel, Great Expectations is a tale of a young mans unforgettable passage into manhood, and the three individuals who undeniably changed his life forever. Through the surprising interactions of these vivid characters, Great Expectations takes a unique and contemporary look at lifes great coincidences. In a small Florida town on the Gulf Coast, eight-year-old Finn Bell lives with his sister Maggie and his Uncle Joe. They barely scrape by, but aspiringartist Finn enjoys his simple life, drawing pictures in the colorful Gulf waters. Finns journey to adulthood begins suddenly with the shocking appearance of a dangerous convict who forces the boy to aid in his escape from prison. With this experience still freshly etched in his mind, Finn is summoned to the decaying mansion of Ms. Nora Dinsmoor, the richest woman in the gulf, who had lost her mind thirty years earlier when her fianc left her standing at the altar. There, Finn meets Dinsmoors niece Estella, who, even at age 11, displays an upper class iciness toward the young, impoverished boy who instantly and hopelessly falls in love with her. Finns meetings with Estella and her crazed, wealthy aunt fuel new dreams to paint for the rich, to enjoy their freedom, and to love Estella. Once Ms. Dinsmoor realizes Finn is there for his love for Estella, she warns him that Estella will break his heart. The crazed womans warnings become Finns harshest reality when Estella abruptly leaves without saying goodbye. A hopeless Finn stops painting, stops dreaming ... until a mysterious benefactor sends the now grown young man to New York. Pursuing his dreams in the glamorous world of the New York art scene, the once-poor artist seems to finally have it all wealth, status, fame and a reunion with the newly engaged Estella.